High load and diversity factors are the desirable qualities of the power system. The ampere capacity does not always be equal to the total of all loads on connected branchcircuits. Pdf diversity factor analysis of energy consumption for. Greater the diversity factor, lesser is the cost of generation of power. In one office or sleeping room i put 4 power sockets on a 32 amp ring circuit. Diversity factor sum of individual maximum demandmaximum demand.
What is an explanation for the calculation of a diversity. The load factor is called daily load factor if the period of time is a day, and if the period of time is a month, the load factor is called monthly load factor, and similarly for the year load factor. Diversity factor sum of individual maximum demands maximum system demand. If the value of the diversity factor is greater than 1, then it is a good diversity factor, and 1. Comparing load duration curves with and without peak load. Demand factor diversity factor utilization factor load factor 1 demand factor demand factor maximum demand of a system total connected load on the system demand factor is always less than one. Hai, i am designing for the 25 floor residential building.
The load factor provides an indication of how well any customer is utilising any utility asset. Load factor vs demand factor vs diversity factor formula. The diversity factor gives us a correction factor to use, which results in a lower total kw load for the ten ac units. Loss factor average power losspower loss at peak load. Diversity factor and peak load vs block load hvacr. Two simulations were performed and a difference of 7% was identified on the peak cooling load of the building with and without the use of diversity factors. For example, we might have ten air conditioning units that are 20 tons each at a facility. In other terms, diversity factor 0 to 100% is a fraction of total load that is particular item contributed to peak demand. Electrical load diversity factor is a ratio representing the sum of the individual maximum demands for each part or parts of the system to the maximum demand of the entire system or parts of the system.
Indeed, these factors are used to predict the load. The residential load has the highest diversity factor. Diversity factor is defined as the ratio of the sum of the maximum demands of the various part of a system to the coincident maximum demand of the whole system. Diversity factor is ratio of the sum of the individual maximum demands of the various sub circuit of a system to the maximum demand of the whole system. How the chiller can give the chilled water to the fcus. Diversity factor sum of individual maximum demandsmaximum system demand. Guidelines on load diversity rbalex electrical 6 jul 05 11. Some conventiontype hotels are being designed to accommodate three or four people per room, using rollaway beds. Comparing load duration curves with and without peak load 3. Demand factors for industrial facilities load calculation.
In such cases, in addition to eliminating the diversity factor, we recommend increasing the adjustment factor by multiplying the recovery demand by 1. Diversity factor and peak load vs block load ps mechanical op 22 may 17 06. Aug 25, 2018 the load factor provides an indication of how well any customer is utilising any utility asset. Demanddiversity factor value quick reference electrical. Diversity factor total connected load actual maximum load. Definitions demand factor maximum demandtotal connected demand utilization factor maximum demandrated system capacity load factor over a designated time period average load peak load diversity factor sum of individual maximum demandsmaximum system demand loss factor average power losspower loss at peak load under steady load, loss factor load factor.
This is especially the case with equipment loads, for which there is uncertainty about several factors. Pdf the energy conservation in thailand is concerned and supported. Load factor is defined as the ratio of average load to the maximum demand for a given period of time. Please could you have a look at this for me, and comment. The diversity factor can be equal or greater than 1. Diversity factor in a distribution network is the ratio of the sum of the peak demands of the individual customers to the peak demand of the network. A power transformer is connected to the following loads. Operating revenue revenues received from total airline operations including scheduled and nonscheduled service. A high diversity factor has the effect of reducing the maximum demand. Industrial loads have low diversity factors usually of 1.
May 07, 2018 these factors are normally considered when sizing a generator to suit a load. If everything all electrical equipment was running at full load at the same time the diversity factor is equal to one. But my consultant telling that we can go for a diversity factor of 80% so the chiller load has reduced to 1160 tr. But inside the total load of fcus are coming 1450 tr itself. Equipment load factors, use factors and diversity factors as. We would like to show you a description here but the site wont allow us. The industrial load is 1500 kw, the domestic load is 100 kw and the municipal load is 50 kw. Impact of diversity factors on hvac load calculations. Adequate metering practicable for large consumers, 531. The diversified load is the total expected power, or load, to be drawn during a peak period by a device or system of devices. Diversity factor varies from system to system and equipment. The ratio of average energy savings to peak energy savings. Load factor for a single flight can also be calculated by dividing the number of passengers by the number of seats. I am a yank electrician, i cant find where in 16th or 17th edition you have the diversity factor for calculating loads.
This page compares load factor vs demand factor vs diversity factor and mentions formulas or equations of them. Demand diversity factor is the ratio of the peak demand of a population of units to. The sum of the individual peak loads will therefore inevitably be greater than the peak load of the composite system. The diversity factor is the most complicated of these factors. In the literature on diversity factors and load shapes, we covered papers reporting the existence of databases of monitored enduses. Types of load in power system diversity factor in power. Diversity factors of 75% and 70% were applied to lighting and receptacle gains, respectively. Load factor it is the ratio of the average load to the maximum load for a certain period of time. Except of homes and buildings, diversity factor in electrical wiring installation may be neglected in offices or those places where all connected loads operate at once. The ideal outcome of generator sizing is normally to size the generator large enough to support the load yet not oversized such that youre paying for a larger under uti. Sources of revenue include passenger, cargo, excess baggage and certain other transportrelated revenue. Beban rata rata dan beban puncak dapat dinyatakan dalam kilowatt, kilovolt. Diversity factor the probability that a particular piece of equipment will come on at the time of the facilitys peak load.
This method was easy to evaluate the energy consumption by 80% load factor or. What is the effect of load factor and diversity factor on. This is also known as peak coincidence factor nyserda 2008. It is ratio of average load to maximum demand during certain period of time e. Estimating load with known diversity factors i am going through old installation rules exam papers with no answers provided, and i attempmted to do one of the calculations as per topic title. Load factor is generally calculated for a day, month or year. Difference between load factor vs demand factor vs diversity factor. These terms are diversity factor and demand factor. The ratio of the sum of the individual maximum demands of the various subdivisions of a system to the maximum demand of the whole system, i.
Water system planning criteria 34 vallecitos water district master plan november 2010 calculating water demands for schools and hotels water demands at schools, including palomar college and california state university san marcos, shall initially be calculated based on the areabased duty factor given in table 32. Diversity factor sum of individual maximum demands maximum demand of the system. The word demand itself says the meaning of demand factor. If the energy balance we do for this facility comes out within reason, but the demand balance shows far too many kw for the peak load, then we can use the diversity factor to bring the kw into line with the facilitys true. Chapter three load curves the curve showing the variation.
Hence diversity factors df will be applied to the demand loads when calculating the required ampacity of service and feeder conductors, distribution. More generally, load factor is the average demand divided by any number of peak demands, such as load factor at the time of system peak and load factor at the time of noncoincident peak. In this study, the diversity factor was obtained by the actual power measured. It is obtained by using electrical energy at night load or light load periods. The load factor is called daily load factor if the period of time is a day, and if the period of time is a month, the load factor is called monthly load factor, and. I am getting total load for the building as 1450 tr. The maximum demand for the power transformer is kw.
The diversity factor is almost always larger than 1 since all components would have to be on simultaneously at full load for it to be one. For simplicity, only three consumers a, b, and c are shown in the figure. Now you are going to show you one practical example of diversity factor. Compute the diversity factor, load factor, and loss factor. You have to understand what will be on or off at a given time for different buildings and this will size the feeder. Thus mathematically, load factor may be written as. Calculation of diversity factor and demand factor 082010 6. Diversity factor may be neglected in case of final sub circuits. Where to use demand and diversity factor request pdf.
Request pdf demand factor diversity factor utilization factor load factor 1 demand factor in iec, max. Faktor beban load factor faktor beban adalah perbandingan antara beban rata rata terhadap beban puncak yang diukur dalam suatu periode tertentu. To better understand the application of these terms when calculating the load for a service or a feeder supplying a facility, one must understand their meaning. The loss load factors may then be calculated from equations of the form. In the literature on diversity factors and load shapes, we covered papers. May 15, 2018 now you are going to show you one practical example of diversity factor. Demand factordiversity factorutilization factorload factor. Thus, there is a diversity in the occurrence of the load. Diversity factor as per iec 60439 circuits function diversity factor in % ks lighting 90% heating and air conditioning 80% socketoutlets lifts and catering hoist for the most powerful motor 100% for the second most powerful motor 75% for all motors 80% 25 diversity factor for apartment block apartment diversity factor in % ks 2 to 4 1 5to. Power systems generation expected mcq pdf 1 for vizag mt. Rated diversity factor rdf rated diversity factor the rated diversity factor is the per unit value of the rated current, assigned by the assembly manufacturer, to which outgoing circuits of an assembly can be continuously and simultaneaously loaded taken into account the mutual thermal influences.
Under this definition other issues such as diversity and load factor are automatically accounted for, and only the coincidence factor will be necessary to determine coincident demand reductions from readily observable equipment nameplate rated information. If so, please advice me on how to choose the diversity factors. If one has a low load factor it means that the customer has a very high peak load for a very short period. Diversity factor or simultaneity factor is the ratio of the sum of the individual noncoincident maximum loads of various subdivisions of the system to the maximum demand of the complete system. The lower the demand factor, the less system capacity required to serve the connected load.
Read more load factor, diversity factor and capacity factor. The load factor at the generation level taking into account the various system diversity factors, gives load factors throughout the network under consideration at the different voltage levels. Chapter three load curves the curve showing the variation of. For example, the sum of the connected loads supplied by a feeder is multiplied by the demand factor to determine the load for which the feeder must be sized. Demand factordiversity factorutilization factorload. Jun 09, 2017 power systems generation expected mcq pdf 1 for vizag mt exam 2017. Thus mathematically, load factor may be written as load factor average load maximum demand load factor is generally calculated for a day, month or year. The ratio of the maximum coincident demand of a system, or part of a system, to the total connected load of the system, or part of the system, under consideration, i.
If everything all electrical equipment was running at full load at the same time the diversity factor is equal to one greater the diversity factor, lesser is the cost of generation of power. Since maximum demand of a system cannot be greater than the sum of the individual demands, the diversity factor will always be equal to or greater than unity. Load factor the ratio of average load to the maximum demand during a given period is known as load factor. Diversity factor in electrical wiring installation. Diversity factor is the ratio of the sum of the individual maximum demands of the various subdivisions of a system or part of a system to the maximum demand of the whole system or part of the system under consideration. Diversity factor has to be obtained either by measuring the actual sum of each individual load and maximum demand or estimated and has relation to the transformer full load. The maximum demands of the individual consumers of a group do not occur simultaneously. Diversity factor is mostly used for distribution feeder size and transformer as well as to determine the maximum peak load and diversity factor is always based on knowing the process. While this is analyzed and documented by laboratory planners during the programming phase of design, the actual quantity. Load factor average load maximum demand diversity factor the ratio of the sum of individual maximum demand on power station is known as diversity factor. Chapter 10, peak demand and timedifferentiated energy savings. There are two terms that seem to confuse designers. Rated load factor, demand diversity factor, and coincidence factor are sometimes combined. Diversity factor is the ratio of the sum of the individual maximum demands of the various subdivisions of a system or.
Another factor that designers consider is demand factor. Calculation of diversity factor and demand factor cr4. Firstly, the energy consumption was evaluated by using the approxim ated diversity factor with rated power of load. Pdf diversity factor analysis of energy consumption for school.
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